OUTSIDE ASSISTANCE TO
THE INDIAN AND PAKISTANI
NUCLEAR PROGRAMS

Steven Dolley
Nuclear Control Institute
June 5, 1998

India

Supplier	Items	Notes
Canada	Cirus research reactor Cirus reactor fuel CANDU reactor heavy water plant	Pu used in '74 test Rajasthan-1 Kota
China	heavy water LEU fuel (post-1995)	Tarapur 1 &2
France	LEU fuel (1982-1994) heavy water plant fast breeder technology	Tarapur 1 & 2 Baroda, Tuticorin Kalpakkam
Norway	heavy water	illegal transfer
Romania	heavy water (Norwegian origin)	illegal re-transfer
Russia	power reactors	Koodankulam 1 & 2
Soviet Union	heavy water	Rajasthan reactors
Switzerland	heavy water plant	Baroda, Tuticorin
United Kingdom	research reactor fuel	Apsara
United States	heavy water power reactors LEU fuel for Tarapur (until 1982) reprocessing technology	Cirus research reactor Tarapur 1 & 2 for Tarapur (until 1982) Trombay/BARC
West Germany	heavy water heavy water plant beryllium furnaces	illegal transfer Nangal, Talcher (some US-origin; illegal re-transfer)

Pakistan

Supplier	Items	Notes
Belgium	heavy water plant reprocessing technology	Rawalpindi
Canada	heavy water plant CANDU fuel fabrication plant design
China	nuclear weapon design PARR-II research reactor Khushab reactor fuel fabrication plant (?) heavy water enrichment assistance (ring magnets) power reactors reprocessing assistance	4th Chinese test device Khushab to Kanupp reactor Kahuta Chasma
France	reprocessing technology and components power reactors	SGN
Netherlands	centrifuge designs	stolen from URENCO
Switzerland	enrichment technology	illegal transfer
United Kingdom	reprocessing facility plans	Rawalpindi
United States	research reactor	PARR-I
West Germany	uranium conversion plant enrichment technology tritium tritium purification plant plans for tritium production reactor furnaces milling machines hot isostatic presses mass spectrometers uranium shipping containers aluminum for centrifuges	illegal transfer illegal transfer illegal transfer illegal transfer

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